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 The first article Conserving Communities talks about the effect globalization has had on rural areas, specifically farming communities. He starts the paper by stating that in 1993 the US Census Bureau had stopped counting the number of farmers in America. Farmers used to be a large percentage of the overall population, but that has now dwindled to about 2%. To prop up agricultural communities the author argues that people should buy and eat local produce.  There is some credence to this argument as by buying locally, you are putting money back into the local economy and directly helping local farmers continue their work. However, there are also some issues with this system. Rural economies often have a low median salary, money is stagnant in the local economic system, and people do not have a lot of expendable cash. Thus, it may be hard to buy purely locally as the cost is sometimes higher and puts a strain on rural families that do not have enough income. Also, buying locally does not reinforce any other part of the local economic system other than farmers, and would not help bring jobs or other business back. The second article I thought gave better advice on how to combat globalism and how to support local communities. This article addresses tasks people can do on multiple levels, from local, national, and global to support their communities. Locally, the article recommends buying fair trade items, joining a CSA, and using eco-friendly products. As a worker, the article recommends exercising pension power and forming worker-owned co-ops to funnel money back into the community. I thought this recommendation was interesting as it would bring business and wealth back into the local communities and not to a removed international company. As a global citizen, the article recommends to participate in international exchanges and to travel.

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 The article of "Global to Local" talks about different ways to contribute to your communities. A few ways to contribute is do optional tasks as a local citizen, a national citizen, and a global citizen. As a local citizen, you can take control of global policies, alternatives for your community, attend meetings of your city council, organize cleanups for your neighborhood. As a national citizen, you can an online petition, mobilize voters, have your office to vote, have participation in a phone bank, write letters to Congress, respond to national issues, and be a host of a political salon. Finally as a global citizen, you could learn about the functions of global institutions like the World Bank, IMF, and WTO. Join a movement with people that protests about how companies have been operating, and join that work for social justice. Conserving Communities by Wendell Berry talks about ways on how members: ask about proposed changes or innovations, have local nature always be included, ask locals about supplies, supply local needs first, understand labor saving, develop small scale businesses and industries, have money be paid to the local economy, have the community make investments to itself, and be aware about economic value in neighborly acts.

Last Blog Post

 

I think these were good articles to end the course on. I found Berry's article very entertaining. The man clearly has a very strong bias towards farming and rural communities. Excluding some of that, he still makes some valid points. The book was published in 2010, so over ten years ago (yikes!), but it's still relevant today. I am not quite sure how much I believe Berry's claims that the disappearance of an agriculture community is "NOT an accident", but I do see how some of the factors he talks about lead there. I found the part where he mentions corporations coming in and plundering local communities, only to leave them high and dry, especially poignant. It's something we've seen echoing over the length of this course multiple times in far-away places, but it's a good reminder that this is also happening here. The second article, by John Cavanagh and Jury Mander (not sure if I read the handwriting right there), create a sort of rallying cry around supporting your local community. I can see that ravagement and decline in the agricultural community is something these authors also rail against. I like that they make quite a few lists on how to effect positive change; many of them I can see Berry agreeing with, like joining or a CSA. I do like that the Cavanagh/Mander article has multiple lists on what you can do. I feel like a lot of the rage and discontent Berry's article drums up, gets lost when faced with the "What now? / How?" step of things. I do not think we've reached Berry's prediction of a two-party system that's based on "local vs. global economy" as he thought. I think if that ever comes to fruition, it'll be slowly, and subsumed by one of the two parties we already have. I do see Cavanagh/Manders article as a nice playbook for it, though.

April Blog Post

 

I really enjoyed the "Piracy by Patent" article. I have been using Neem tree oil in my garden for a few years. It is one of those "eco-friendly" pesticides that's not 100% artificial chemicals. My mom was the one who found it, and if you apply it regularly, it REALLY helps with pests like flea beetles. These are very tiny bugs that are extremely annoying. It was interesting to be able to link a product I use directly to issues like this. I will not stop using Neem Oil, as it is a very good pesticide, but I will try to order it from producers that aren't bio-pirates. If there are any available in the U.S., hopefully. I am not sure of any local alternatives, but hey! The article on the Local Trap has pointed out how that is not always the best thing either. I found this article particularly interesting as I have fallen DEEP down the pit of the local trap. I was hesitant going in, but the concepts brought up make a lot of sense to me, like the issue of scale and agendas. I still think it is important to look into the amount of miles something travels, like with strawberries. I’m lucky to be where I am, as there are a lot of farms near me with local produce stands. I may not be sure of the sustainability of these farms, but at least I know the food miles have been somewhat limited. As for what local really means, it’s easy to just look up these farms or even drive out to where they are myself. 

 The e-reserve Avoiding the Local Trap argues that the instilled assumption in urban food planning, that local is always good, is faulty. They argue that basing policy off of this assumption can lead to bad decision-making. For example, they argue that local is often used as a goal to accomplish rather than making it the means to a greater goal. They also argue that the local trap can obscure more effective options for enforcing food security. Additionally, data suggests that a local-based method for food security often leads to environmental degradation or greater inequality. I found this argument really interesting as there is this underlying assumption that local food is better, and often this is the case when it comes to quality and nutrition but maybe not food food security. The 2nd e-reserve Piracy by Patent talked about corporate patenting of the neem tree, which made it unusable for the local populations in India. India before globalization had never had patent laws, and the introduction of them, without a generalized understanding of how they worked, caused harm in cases such as the neem tree. Unfortunately, there is no protection for the native use of plants and medicines that are changed and adopted by Western companies. This system bars poorer communities from using once common, local products. The 3rd article, Food Miles, Local Eating, and Community Supported Agriculture: Putting Local Food in its Place, talked about how Food Miles has become a blanket explanation for why people choose to eat locally. However, he said the explanation is more complicated. 

April 22-26 blog

 Avoiding the local trap by Brandon Born and Mark Purcell discusses food systems that adjust to larger scales. The problem with local traps is that it can't hold. Another problem is scale of the food system can conflate the outcome. The article shows ten reasons on why it's best to buy local food. (1) Food that is grown locally tastes better, (2) the produce that is local is better for everyone, (3) there is diversity on local food preserves, (4) there is no GMOs in local food, (5) local family farms are supported by local food, (6) communities can be built by local food, (7) there is open space to local food preserves, (8) the taxes are kept in check, (9) a clean environment and other benefits are supported by local food, and (10) the future relies on local food. Global to Local talks about consumers going towards buying local food. Being an informed consumer, makes you aware on the food and how they're grown. Buying local food tends to be cheaper but better. Joining a community can give you more insight on the food industry. As a worker, you can encourage your workplace by supporting transportation of the public, cut down on waste, and apply standards abroad. For a local citizen, they can create their own community, attend meetings at city councils, and organize cleanups in their neighborhood. For a global citizen, they can create petitions, mobilize voters, have unusual places for registered voters, have your own office to vote, have a phone bank participation, have responses to biased reports, send letters to congress, and have art to express your political views. Piracy by Patent is about the thievery of the neem tree. Essential factors is medicine, toiletries, contraception, timber, fuel, and agriculture. 

13, 14, 57

 

These articles go well with last week's topic - mainly that culture is like a mixing pot. You introduce a different flavor, and both the ingredients and the soup are changed, mostly irreversibly. The McDonalds article is like a bay leaf- they get added to the soup, and they're still recognizably a bay leaf. They add to the soup, in this case Hong Kong's culture, are changed by it in turn. McDonald's added a culture of queuing, but it did nothing to discourage the practice of hovering. It helped to up the cleanliness standards of bathrooms, which I would say is an overall net positive. McDonald's altered some of its practices to better fit into the local culture - just nothing related to the actual food (at least when the article was written). Culturally, the practice of eating burgers with your hands is embraced, and modified by the elderly, who would wrap the wrappers around their hands. I can't say I wouldn't do something similar if I were used to eating with Chopsticks, whether or not it's embarrassing be damned. You can see this as well with the transnational villager's article. To continue the metaphor, it's like taking some soup home for the family. Almost like a culturally and socially loaded remittance, on top of any monetary value packed in as well. However, I do like that Levitt mention the assumption of some Americans that migrants will just transfer their loyalty to their new country. It's not like that, both the migrant and the country are changed a little, but the migrant does not just leave behind where they came from. Just like cultures aren't being turned into carbon copies of the American west - both are changed by the consumption, but neither is erased or overwritten. The article on the decontextualization of Asian religious practices reminded me nothing so much as a butcher cutting off the choice meats to bring out to a customer. It reminds me of the McDonalds article, but instead of a business coming over it's a practice, where much of the religious undertones is cut off, and no single entity is making money off it - or making money at all.

Chapter 13, 14 and 57

 The textbook chapters try to understand questions such as whose culture, is it? Or what modern migration looks like today? Or how does religion function in a globalized world? Chapter 13 illustrates the complex relationship between McDonalds and Hong Kong brought about by globalization. The chapter shows that McDonalds is a western chain, and that the people of Hong Kong have adopted the restaurant into their own culture, replacing afternoon snacks and tea houses with burgers. I think this chapter shows that globalization does evolve culture, but it does not create a homogenous global culture, instead it is nuanced to the persisting culture of the area. Hong Kong has changed the way McDonalds usually operates, with not cleaning up after themselves, and using the fast-food restaurant as a place of socialization rather than eating and leaving quickly. Likewise, in Chapter 14 the author investigates what modern migration looks like with globalization. Due to technology, people can stay in constant contact with their families at home and influence economic and political dynamics from far away. This has angered many Americans, as they believe it interrupts assimilation, but I think it is just a changing form of migration, spearheaded by globalization. It is extremely understandable to want to stay connected to your home country and family. Through these interactions, development can be promoted in underdeveloped countries. Chapter 57 claims that traditional religious practices are fusing with more secular cultures to form things such as meditation, and yoga. Due to these pieces of evidence, it is clear that globalization is exemplifying shared practices across cultures. Yet, each culture uses and practices these shared ideas differently. Though culture is evolving it is not becoming homogeneous, it is rather becoming a nuanced and more influence version of the traditional past. 

Chapter 13, 14, 57

 Chapter 13 talks about how McDonald's have made an impact to other countries. It was discussed in a power point during class. Depending on the country, menu items will be different than the United States. In India, there is no beef on their menus. It's because cows are the sacred animals. One of the big things that is important that cleanliness and sanitation is essential. There was aggressive labor for the workers to scrub the restaurants clean and there would be protest. It's also tough to have the workers show smiles and happiness for the customers. In an interview, customers weren't interested in the congeniality from services.  Chapter 14 discusses about the transnational villagers in the Dominican Republic. There has a movement on transnational migration to the United States. One of the US cities that was involved in this migration is Boston, Massachusetts. Miraflores is a transnational community that has been involved with this migration. A characteristic is that they emerge and endure in social remittances. Another feature is that they can create organizations by themselves. Chapter 57 talks about Asian religious practices. A strategy for these practices is to decontextualized them from religious worldviews. Meditation would be a considered practice. 

Blog 12

     Chapter 13 of the the text book talk about how McDonalds have impacted parts of the world. Hong Kong and its relation with McDonalds was analyzed in reference to the cultural relevance of items on the menu. McDonalds is a typical burger joint in that the menu has a heavy focus on beef products. In Hong Kong such a meal is more  of a snack than an actual meal due to the lack of rice and other traditional items. McDonalds had exchanged some cultural items like birthdays which in Hong Kong, was not celebrated till after the introduction of McDonalds. Chapter 14 discusses the transnational villages in the US. Focusing on Boston, MA there has been a great deal of transnational immigration from the Dominican Republic to a section of Boston called Miraflores. These types of villages pop up in social and economic hardships in their home countries and move to these cultural enclaves. Chapter 57 talks about Asian religions and how they can decontextualize with global religous views. One way this is done is through yoga and meditation. In Hinduism and Buddhism, yoga and meditation are used to connect one with nature. In the modern context both yoga and meditation are used around the world for multiple things. Some of these things are related to psychology, health, well-being, spiritual, and many more. This more modern approach relates to modern thinking of self-awareness and understanding science more than the original religious values of both the Hindu and Buddhist religions

Ch. 59, Kpop, and Globalization

 

The overarching theme in these readings were regarding culture, whether or not it was fear of one dominating the other or just observing how foreign ideas interact with local culture. The article about the "starting culture war" brings up some good points, especially about how instead of certain elements of culture combining into one super-culture, things have started to diversify and separate more. This is just a reaction to the previous era of unprecedented mixing, and how it is extremely easy to communicate ideas and ideologies now. This has resulted in pushback, which can be seen in the rise of populist leaders and things like BREXIT. There will always be some sort of backlash to any perceived issues or lines that cross the "thymotic desires" as the article puts it, or really, anything new. These big corporate companies that push a global culture can also be seen as contributing to this push-back, at least a little. While in Indian IT places, "the global", is a type of communication style and set of skills that can standardized and transferable anywhere. This means it is easier to set up offices in other countries, but that itself can create division. Not everyone is going to be able to the opportunity to learn these skills, like speaking English, to make them easily transferable. As the article says, it takes a certain type of education. That is not to say it is all bad, either, and this cultural shift is just an opening avenue in one industry. In this, globalization is mixing with the country of origin's culture, creating new traditions. It is interesting to see how this has come into play in more creative industries – I would argue that there is a lot less pushback for incorporating new ideas and sounds, as can be seen in KPOP bands like BTS. Any issues more come into play with cultural appropriation, but you see more and more artists trying to be respectful and avoid pushing that hot button issue anyway. 

NPR, Globalization is over, Chapter 59

 Scholars can agree that globalization has had a dramatic impact on culture, economics, politics, etc. However, what they cannot come to an agreement on is how and to what extent globalization has affected these elements. The article The 2010s: The Globalization of Music talks about the numerous benefits globalization has had on the music industry. They talk about how the KPop group BTS has infiltrated the American market and has become immensely popular. They also talk about Rihanna’s song Work, which incorporates her native culture and language, and through her music, she is exposing the West to differing cultures and experiences. This Podcast talked a lot about the benefits of globalization and how it has allowed different cultures and languages to be brought to all people around the world. Also, they claim that genre has basically been wiped out as people can access any music at any time, from around the world. Conversely, the article Globalization is Over: The Global Culture War has Begun speaks to the negative aspects of globalization, specifically a clash of cultures and ideas that have put people against each other. He writes about the liberal ideas of the 1990s, which claimed that the undeveloped world should modernize in a path like the West, resulting in democracy. However, there has been a rise in authoritarianism since 2006, which directly threatens these liberal ideas. Also, as globalization has infiltrated and washed out different cultures, people have become increasingly protective and nationalistic to protect their cultures and traditions. This can be seen in the rise of populist leaders. The textbook chapter 59, showed both positive and negative opinions around globalization through the eyes of Indian IT workers. Some workers are scared of globalization as they feel that the IT culture has become increasingly narrow, rather than the expected result of broader. However, many workers found globalization to be beneficial as it gave them greater opportunities and lifestyles. 

NPR, Chapter 59, Globalization is Over

 Chapter 59 talks about IT companies in India. There was always the scammer call centers that are infamous in India. It is considered to be their global work culture. The global part of these offices is the possessions, communications, styles, and skills. They promise for better efficiency and productivity. Call centers have their employees have English names to trick their "customers." The person who was a part of this corporation, finds out there are rules for these places. People wanted to have independence at this workplace and that's usually the main reason why they want to work there. People found opportunities with the high tech that it offered. IT centers in India may be skeptical but they can give off opportunities for people with the knowledge and be successful. David Brooks' article that globalization is considered to be over and there is a war with culture. A British sociologist by the name of Anthony Giddens claims that globalization is a shift in our very world. Globalization consists of culture, ideas, products, and worldviews. It's assumed that nations would admire Western democracy success. The world economy has been gradually decreased for years. Human behavior have made a force into deep economics and political self interest. There's a note that 44% percent of Americans high school students are depressed, which that number may be higher today. On page 5, it mentions that people are driven for order and there is nothing but anarchy and chaos. The Cold War changed how the world runs and how people act. NPR talks about the globalization of music. BTS made fame in the US in 2018. Other foreign groups make the stage in the United States as well. Internationalization supports BTS. Pop music consists of music from other regions in the world. Other groups get so popular that US charts can't ignore it. Music videos help with the fame. Korea has made an impact towards Western culture. Streaming that has helped with artists' fame. Lyric translations helps with connections to viewers. It's cheap for artists to produce music. Cultural appreciation is important with the music industry. There can be some controversy with what the artist does with a certain culture and lyrics in their songs. 

Blog 11

     The dialogue surrounding globalization's influence on diverse facets of society is a complex tapestry, rife with divergent viewpoints and nuanced analyses, as illuminated by the contrasting perspectives encapsulated within the sources you've referenced. Within the article "The 2010s: The Globalization of Music," the narrative accentuates the beneficial outcomes of globalization on the music industry. It celebrates instances such as the transcultural success of KPop sensation BTS in penetrating the American market, alongside Rihanna's incorporation of her native culture and language in hits like "Work," which serve to expose Western audiences to diverse cultural narratives and experiences. The podcast you mention echoes these sentiments, extolling the virtues of globalization in disseminating a plethora of musical genres and languages to a global audience, effectively eroding traditional genre boundaries.

    Conversely, "Globalization is Over: The Global Culture War has Begun" delves into the darker facets of globalization, highlighting the emergence of a clash of cultures and ideologies that foster societal division. The article underscores the erosion of traditional cultural identities in the face of globalization, leading to a surge in nationalistic fervor and the rise of populist leaders who champion protectionist agendas. It critiques the liberal ideal of Western modernization as a one-size-fits-all model, citing the resurgence of authoritarian regimes as evidence of globalization's destabilizing effects on global governance and cultural heritage. In the scholarly discourse represented by textbook chapter 59, we witness a microcosm of these divergent perspectives through the lens of Indian IT workers. While some express apprehension about the perceived homogenization of IT culture under globalization's sway, others laud the opportunities and enhanced lifestyles it affords them.

Chapter 23, Maya Coffee, Cobalt Mines

 Chapter 23 talks about how there's a global dimension of inequality. Reason for that is that there are greater movement of factors of production across borders, and there is a greater influence as well. There are movements of labor present independence. A concept of inequality is focused on nations in the world. The average incomes of households are surveyed without the population weight. A graph shows that different concepts go different paths throughout history. Generally speaking, inequality has been around for centuries, usually with wealth status. The Maya Coffee article discusses about the fair trade with coffee. Guatemala is known for their coffee. There was a growth in agriculture production. The methodology was that the writer made evaluations with limitations and benefits of fair trade as alternate development. Data was gathered through semi structured interviews with members with the community. The finals results show that coffee prices were market sized, there were connected trade relations, there was organizational capacity taken place, access to credit were shown, and that importance of gender were involved. There were long-term contracts within the benefits. Access to credit gave cooperative offers that were loans that were both short and long-term. Some limitations were high rates of insolvency may lead to reduced income within the members, and low market success. The Cobalt Mines shows that there are harsh conditions with children within the labor. It goes back to the sweatshops in China and other asian countries with harsh working conditions. The pictures show that the work is grueling and dirty. A video shows that going into the mines with limited gear is dangerous and risky. Any storms that occurs can become lethal to the workers in the mines. Another video shows child labor and women at work. Their work looks to be less dangerous to the men's, but it can also be tiring. A graph shows that there is a high demand for lithium which is a key material from 2000 to 2025. These types of jobs gives high risk to the workers' health. It's sadly common with developing countries having workers doing dangerous jobs. 

Chapter 23, Maya Article and Cobalt Miners Article

 Chapter 23 of the textbook introduced three ways the Gini coefficient or inequality, could be measured in society. It demonstrates that the poorest people often have the least amount of financial quality and that wealth is held in the hands of the few. The hardship the economically poor face was shown through the other 2 articles; “The Cobalt Pipeline” and the “Maya Coffee Farmers.” A commonality both these people had was a want to educate their children. Due to fair trade and the cooperative, the Mayan coffee farmers had greater access to education with over 40% of families sending at least one child to secondary ed. However, the Cobalt Miners undermine their collective wealth by acting as artisan miners and working as separate groups rather than together. Due to this, they did not have access to education. As the Mayan article showed, Fair Trade does have disadvantages, such as debt created by the need for loans, but the guaranteed income benefits the producers in the long run. If Cobalt Miners could collaborate and join together as a producer market they could set a minimum price for Cobalt, as it is such a relied upon mineral at this time. The dysfunction and competition spurred by poverty in this area has done the producers a disservice. 

Blog 10

     Chapter 23 of the textbook delves into the sobering reality of inequality, using the Gini coefficient as a tool to measure the stark disparities in society. As I delved into the readings, particularly the articles "The Cobalt Pipeline" and "Maya Coffee Farmers," I was struck by the poignant portrayal of how financial quality often eludes the poorest individuals, leaving them marginalized and vulnerable. These narratives painted a vivid picture of communities grappling with economic hardship, yet clinging to the hope of securing education for their children as a beacon of opportunity amidst adversity.
    The story of the Maya coffee farmers resonated deeply with me, showcasing how fair trade practices and cooperative efforts can pave the way for a brighter future. Despite facing challenges such as mounting debt, the assurance of a stable income through fair trade ultimately empowers these farmers to provide education for their children, fostering a sense of hope and upward mobility.
    In contrast, the plight of the cobalt miners laid bare the harsh reality of operating in a fragmented and competitive environment. Reading about their struggles to access education due to the lack of collective action hit close to home, reminding me of the countless individuals worldwide who are trapped in cycles of poverty and exploitation. Yet, amidst the adversity, there is potential for change. If these miners were to unite and form a producer market, they could wield greater bargaining power, ensuring fair compensation for their labor and opening doors to education and opportunity for themselves and their families.
    Reflecting on these narratives, I am reminded of the profound impact that collective action and solidarity can have in uplifting marginalized communities. While the road ahead may be fraught with challenges, the stories of resilience and determination showcased in these articles serve as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of collaboration and advocacy in the fight against inequality.

Blog 9

 

Globalization in its early emergence, was initially viewed as a positive, beneficial force that would interconnect cultures, goods, and peoples. Though many globalists see globalization as positive, in recent years there has been a resurgence against this transition, on both sides of the political spectrum. As stated in Chapter 76, there has been right-wing support for isolationist politics all over the globe, specifically in Hungry, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom’s response to the negative aspects of globalization was the exit from the European Union so that it would have greater sovereignty over its exported goods and immigration. Yet, as also stated in Chapter 76, these isolationist policies are a reflection of the need for security over culture and jobs that globalism threatens. This is seen also with the Zapatistas who occupy parts of southern Mexico in order to secure their corn farming communities from cheaper markets. Though these groups are extremely different on the political spectrum and in their responses to the negatives of globalization, they are driven by the same motives. People crave a stable livelihood and stability within their jobs and families. Globalization creates an environment where jobs can be relocated at any time to cheaper labor markets. It also exploits people of lower socioeconomic classes. These negative aspects have driven opposition from both the left and right sides of the political sphere. There is never bipartisanship in politics anymore, so this phenomenon truly shows that the system is broken.

Chapters 70, 76, 77 & Zapatista Article

 

The chapters and article this week show the push-and-pull of how people have reacted against globalization. That of a closing circle of nationalism or a more unique option. Subcommandante Marco writes on the "basement of Mexico", and how the Zapatistas refuse "To be accomplices in the unjust delivery of poverty and pain,"(pg 61). What a powerfull line! The Zapatistas and their stated goals of protecting the environment and gender equality blend well with counterhegemonic globalization. The Zapatistas have actually reached out to global organizations, and like Evans argues in chapter 70, used the corporate carapace that encapsulates the global economy to its advantage. By using the same framework, it is easy to have the local rise to global. 

On the other hand, there’s this sentiment of pervasive, pessimistic panic that has led others to “pull the ladder up after them”. As Misha argues in chapter 77, globalization has brought into public view visions of prosperity and massive disparities in ‘wealth, power, education, and status’. I can easily see how the points Mishra makes here feed into a rise in nationalism. This disparity has brought fear, and when people are afraid, they want to protect themselves and their community. When you have nowhere else to turn to but despotic leaders who “get it”, the pipeline from nationalist to extremist gets much easier. It’s important to recognize that no one is immune to propaganda. However, it is interesting to compare the Zapatistas and nationalists. While their issues stem from the same root, they have arrived at vastly different conclusions. I think it’s important to note that the Zapatistas have started out as a group “with nothing left to lose” while nationalists are the opposite, or at least might consider themselves that way – with everything to lose. I think that has helped shape how they’ve turned out.

Blog 9

     In its nascent stages, globalization emerged as a beacon of promise, heralding an era of interconnectedness among cultures, economies, and societies. Initially embraced as a positive and transformative force, globalization was touted for its potential to foster cross-cultural exchange, facilitate the flow of goods and ideas, and unite peoples across the globe. However, in recent years, a discernible shift has occurred, marked by a resurgence of skepticism and opposition toward this global transition, spanning political spectrums.

    Indeed, while proponents of globalization continue to extol its virtues, a growing chorus of dissent has emerged, particularly evident within the realms of right-wing politics. Across diverse geopolitical landscapes, from Hungary to the United States and the United Kingdom, there has been a palpable surge in support for isolationist policies, reflecting a desire to reassert national sovereignty and safeguard domestic interests. The United Kingdom's decision to exit the European Union stands as a poignant manifestation of this trend, as it sought to reclaim control over trade dynamics and immigration policies. However, as elucidated in Chapter 76, these isolationist tendencies are not confined to a single geographical or ideological enclave. Rather, they represent a broader sentiment rooted in the perceived threats posed by globalization to cultural integrity, job security, and economic stability.

    This sentiment finds resonance even among seemingly disparate groups, such as the Zapatistas in southern Mexico, who have taken a defiant stance against the encroachment of global markets on their traditional corn farming communities. Despite their ideological divergence, both right-wing isolationists and grassroots movements like the Zapatistas are united by a common imperative: the pursuit of stability and security in an increasingly uncertain world. Central to their grievances is the recognition of globalization's propensity to disrupt traditional livelihoods, relocate jobs to cheaper labor markets, and exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. Indeed, the allure of profit maximization often comes at the expense of marginalized communities, who bear the brunt of exploitative labor practices and market volatility.

In this light, the convergence of opposition from both ends of the political spectrum underscores a fundamental disillusionment with the status quo. The absence of bipartisan cooperation in addressing the challenges posed by globalization underscores a broader systemic dysfunction within contemporary politics, where ideological polarization supersedes the pursuit of common interests and collective welfare. In essence, the contemporary critique of globalization reflects a profound yearning for stability, security, and economic justice, a sentiment that transcends traditional political divides. As societies grapple with the complexities of a rapidly globalizing world, the imperative to reconcile competing interests and forge a more inclusive and equitable future has never been more pressing.

Chapters 70, 76, 77

 Chapter 70 talks about how labor became a global social movement. I understand on why that can happen. There have been many movements regarding on labor and workers. They're usually caused by poor working conditions and little pay the workers are receiving with high working hours. It's like the sweatshops of China that were discussed earlier, although there wasn't a social movement for that. Women have also been a part of movements, for instance the feminist movement. They were also considered to be human rights as well which makes sense. Environmentalism has played a role and that issues on health is a concern with toxic waste dumps being near nature. Chapter 76 discusses about on Nationalism is bigger than Globalism. The main factor about the two is that in chapter two, they have far different opinions on immigration. It's based on what the government tends to do with the immigrants. There is also the concern with Muslim immigration and there's the stereotype that all Muslims are terrorists, which is the problem. Chapter 77 talks about extreme chaos and violence around the world. The article mentions about the September 11 attacks, the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, the threat of climate change and people believe it's a hoax, financial troubles with the United States economy like the 2008 Recession, the crisis of euros, and the threat of ISIS. Long Journey is about Mexico and its economy. Back in the 90s, Mexico had to pay an almost 100 billion debt to money companies. 

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

 The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) stands as a beacon of hope in the global conservation movement, tirelessly working to protect the planet's biodiversity and ensure a sustainable future for all. Since its inception, WWF has remained committed to its mission, employing innovative strategies and collaborative efforts to address the pressing environmental challenges facing our world.

    Founded in 1961 by a group of passionate individuals, including biologist Sir Julian Huxley and naturalist Peter Scott, WWF emerged in response to the alarming decline of wildlife populations and habitats across the globe. Initially focused on species conservation, the organization quickly expanded its scope to address broader environmental issues, recognizing the interconnectedness of ecosystems and human well-being.

    At the heart of WWF's mission lies the preservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources. The organization strives to:

• Conserve ecosystems and species diversity.
• Ensure the sustainable management of natural resources.
• Mitigate climate change and reduce carbon emissions.
• Promote sustainable and equitable development.
• Advocate for policies that prioritize environmental protection.

    WWF employs a multifaceted approach to achieve its objectives, leveraging scientific research, advocacy, community engagement, and partnerships with governments, businesses, and local communities. Some key strategies include:

• Conservation Projects: WWF implements on-the-ground conservation initiatives aimed at protecting critical habitats, restoring ecosystems, and safeguarding endangered species.

• Policy Advocacy: WWF advocates for the adoption of science-based policies and regulations to address environmental threats, such as habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources, and pollution.

• Sustainable Practices: Through collaboration with businesses and industries, WWF promotes sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and energy production, aiming to reduce environmental impact while supporting livelihoods.

    WWF raises awareness about environmental issues through educational campaigns, media outreach, and public events, inspiring individuals to take action and make informed choices.

WWF has established a formidable global presence, operating in over 100 countries and territories around the world. Through a network of offices, field projects, and partnerships, WWF collaborates with local organizations and stakeholders to address regional conservation challenges while advancing global objectives. WWF's membership comprises millions of supporters, including individuals, corporations, foundations, and governments, who contribute financially and lend their voices to the cause. The organization's headquarters is located in Gland, Switzerland, with regional offices strategically positioned to oversee conservation efforts across different continents.

    Over the decades, WWF has made significant strides in advancing conservation goals, contributing to the protection of numerous species and habitats while influencing policies and practices on a global scale. However, the challenges facing the planet remain formidable, and WWF continues to adapt and innovate in its approach to address emerging threats and opportunities. WWF relies on a diverse funding model, including donations from individuals and corporations, grants from foundations and governments, and revenue from merchandise sales and partnerships. Transparency and accountability are paramount, with WWF adhering to strict financial standards and reporting mechanisms to ensure that donor contributions are effectively utilized for conservation purposes.

    As we navigate the complex environmental challenges of the 21st century, the World Wildlife Fund stands as a beacon of hope, inspiring collective action and driving positive change for the planet and its inhabitants. Through innovation, collaboration, and unwavering commitment, WWF continues to lead the charge toward a more sustainable and resilient future for all.

Doctors Without Borders

 

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), or Doctors Without Borders, was founded in 1971.  It’s country of origin is France. What sparked the creation of this group was war and famine in Nigeria. When it was first founded, it was made up of 300 volunteers, ranging from logistic experts, doctors, and other staff. They're not just doctors, but a wide array of medical professionals and non-medical professionals. They were awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1999. 

Their primary goal at the start was to establish an independent organization that focused on " delivering emergency medical humanitarian aid quickly, effectively, and impartially," according to their website. They have a few guiding principles, like being independent, impartial, and neutral. They are also guided by medical ethics, a desire to be transparent and accountable, as well as committed to bearing witness. Of course, they are also committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion.  

They accomplish these goals by going into areas in active crisis. These include: war and conflicts, natural disasters, outbreaks and epidemics, as well as refugees and internally displaced people. They deploy their network of aid workers as rapidly as possible to these areas. From setting up temporary facilities, to administering mass vaccinations, to improving water and sanitation services to help prevent the spread of disease, MSF carries out its goals in many ways. It all depends on the situation's unique needs. 

MSF has established its presence by going into areas of crisis “where many others can’t or won’t” go to administer aid, regardless of politics or sides. They have established aid workers in more than 70 countries for rapid response. Most members are already local to the country where the office is located. That said, they do have international staff that generally take on a more senior or managerial role depending on the needs of the location. This alleviates some concerns that come with coordinating across borders and legal requirements for practicing medical staff. By already having staff in countries at risk, this allows them to create a swift emergency response as well as monitor the situation. It is my understanding that they are doing this with exploratory missions, or at least are in the beginning of establishing their presence. While they’re there, they are also collecting information to better treat the crisis.  

MSF is actually made up of 26 associations around the world. These are their own independent legal entity registered in the country where they operate, like the U.S., Holland, Luxembourg, Norway, etc. These associates are linked to six operational centers that directly manage MSF humanitarian action in the field and decide the when/what/where of medical aid. All 26 MSF associates are held to the authority of an annual Internation General Assembly or IGA. This board is made up of representatives from the MSF groups and individual members.

Human Rights Watch

     My NGO is Human Rights Watch which started in 1978, with the creation of Helsinki Watch. The Helsinki Watch was designed to support the citizens in the communist states aligned with the Soviet Union. Back to the Human Rights Watch it became more effective in the 1990's which its main aims were to strengthen the rights of women, refugees, children, migrant workers. Which brings a human rights issue such as child soldiers, rape as a war crime, domestic violence, and trafficking. It has been shown in two big spots and those two are, in 1997 in was shared in the Nobel Peace Prize as founding member of the international campaign to ban landmines. Also, as we all know about 9/11, they checked and said they needed new forms of pressure on the terrorist's groups and their supporters on very close monitoring counterterrorism laws. Since all of this they have been expanding the things, they check on which is economic, social, and cultural rights. Those three are mainly for education and housing problems. But as of now they are trying to find new technologies that keep Human Rights Watch on the cutting edge of promoting respect for human rights worldwide. 

Anti-Slavery International

 The non-governmental organization Anti-Slavery International is a movement driven NGO, based in London, that focuses on eradicating slavery from the globe. It operates in more than 20 countries, specifically in areas such as Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. The NGO targets slavery in four areas, responsible business, child slavery, climate change, and migration and trafficking. The Anti-Slavery International targets these factors in multiple ways including legislation, legal protection, long term care, partnerships, bringing awareness, addressing norms, and tracking trafficking routes. To address slavery within businesses, the NGO has lobbied for a stronger UK Modern Slavery Act, they work with businesses who want to stop forced labor, and they track state-imposed forced labor. They have recently contributed to ending state-forced labor in the cotton industry in Uzbekistan. Child Slavery is being addressed through providing legal protection for trafficked children, regardless of gender or situation, including child brides. They focus on norms and structures that leave children vulnerable to slavery, such as child begging or traditional child slavery in the Sahel Belt of Africa. The NGO addresses climate change and migration similarly as they view climate change as a cause of forced migration. They argue that migration leaves individuals in an exploitive state, and that they are extremely vulnerable to trafficking at this time. The organization argues for safer migration routes that are more governmentally overseen, in order to reduce this vulnerable state. They also are pushing for a global effort to reduce climate change, in order to reduce the need for migration, and have partnered with environmental experts to achieve this goal. Overall, Anti-Slavery International seems to have a great effect in areas around the world. They have coordinated the creation and passing of legislation to protect the victims of slavery, as well as addressed direct issues that contribute to the problem. 

Save The Children

Save The Children is an international NGO that operates in multiple countries with expansions. The organization was started after World War I in 1919 by Eglantyne Jebb, after she noticed that many children needed aid during the aftermath. There was then a massive struggle when the Great Depression hit and millions of children with basic needs needed aid. When World War II started in 1939, it led to more children with aid. At one point, in the UK, there were millions of orphans in Britain that needed support. Throughout time, there have been multiple expansions to other continents like Asia and the Middle East. In the United States in the Appalachian area, children were given shoes and clothes. There has been aid given through every major war. The Korean War has given children more aid in the affected areas. Soon enough, more diversity of children was being aided like Native American and Latina children. One of the significant openings of this organization is Tanzania. Like many NGOs, Save The Children has primary aims and goals that the community wants to reach. One of the primary aims is the organization must address the needs of the children. They want to save and improve the lives of the children and ensure that they can survive. Programs go chase for these primary aims, with emergency responses and advocacy. The organization has expanded across the world, setting up programs and enlarging the community. There are thirty national members and the main headquarters are in Fairfield, Connecticut, and London, UK according to the website. A couple of accomplishments that the organization aided over 13 million children and helped 124,000 children in 16 states of the United States. They have also provided medical care and child services. The organization gets its funding from donations and contracts. People who donate to the Save The Children organization, their money goes to program services, fundraising, and management. On their website, there’s a tab called “what we do.” On that tab it has two fundraisers that I didn’t know they had. One of them is the Ukraine Crisis. Ever since Russia made its invasion to Ukraine in February of 2022, there have been many Ukrainian children that needed aid from being forced from their homes by Russian attacks in their towns. The other fundraiser is the Climate Crisis. Children live in areas that are vulnerable to dangerous climate effects. Some dangers can be wildfires, floods, hurricanes, and air pollution. This can also cause health issues to the children who have a weak immune system.

CH 64, 68 & Washington Post Article

 

The textbook’s chapters focus on non-governmental agencies and activism on environmental issues, while the Washington post article shines a light on what could be considered a worst-case scenario. Combined it shows some of the good, the bad, and the ugly. Chapter 64 focuses on Green Peace, and how it’s unique way of making statements started and has spread. By introducing the concept of “ecological sensibility”, of trying to bring the environment into the forefront of people’s minds, is a noble goal. However, I think there’s a missing spotlight on domestic activism. Without the people directly affected protesting, these global organizations would be a lot worse off. It can’t just be foreigners coming into someone’s ‘house’ and telling them what’s wrong; in chapter 68, Tokar mentions that the Bolivian ‘People’s conference on Climate Change...’ invites people from civil society, indigenous people, as well as many others. This can also be seen with the movie, “This Changes Everything”. Without the people caring about their land and actively protesting, there wouldn’t be a village left for them or their children in the future. These international organizations and summits are all well and good, but for optimal performance, it can’t just be these big organizations; there needs to be a grass roots effort as well. It’s good that these organizations have identified solid goals to push for, as well as false solutions to fight against. The Washington post article showcases what happens when you lack both – an international presence and a domestic one. Through no fault of the Chinese people, either. When some try to reach out, they’re either silenced or ignored. Going by the Washington post’s reception, it would be even harder for international organizations to get through like Green Peace or for the people to participate in any summits.

Chapter 64, Washington Post

 I scrolled through the Washington Post page and just by looking at the pictures, it's a bad story. China is known to have advanced technology, but they the major problem with pollution, specifically smog. We watched a documentary about environmental problems and climate change. There were places in China that has received more than 100 days of smog and bad air. One girl was interviewed and said she never seen the stars, blue skies, and even clouds. This article mentions about chemicals from factory operations that affects the citizens nearby with health problems and can affect the water supply. Mines are also in operations and those can create similar situations. Chapter 64 talks about how Greenpeace tries to persuade people to not do any more damage to the ecosystem. Efforts go with the Quakers and that have sensitive morals with political responsibilities. Media attention has also been captured for Greenpeace as well. According to the article, Greenpeace has two direct moves. The first one is documenting significant actions taking place. The second one is campaigning on depletion of the ozone layer.