Wednesday, March 27, 2024

Chapter 23, Maya Coffee, Cobalt Mines

 Chapter 23 talks about how there's a global dimension of inequality. Reason for that is that there are greater movement of factors of production across borders, and there is a greater influence as well. There are movements of labor present independence. A concept of inequality is focused on nations in the world. The average incomes of households are surveyed without the population weight. A graph shows that different concepts go different paths throughout history. Generally speaking, inequality has been around for centuries, usually with wealth status. The Maya Coffee article discusses about the fair trade with coffee. Guatemala is known for their coffee. There was a growth in agriculture production. The methodology was that the writer made evaluations with limitations and benefits of fair trade as alternate development. Data was gathered through semi structured interviews with members with the community. The finals results show that coffee prices were market sized, there were connected trade relations, there was organizational capacity taken place, access to credit were shown, and that importance of gender were involved. There were long-term contracts within the benefits. Access to credit gave cooperative offers that were loans that were both short and long-term. Some limitations were high rates of insolvency may lead to reduced income within the members, and low market success. The Cobalt Mines shows that there are harsh conditions with children within the labor. It goes back to the sweatshops in China and other asian countries with harsh working conditions. The pictures show that the work is grueling and dirty. A video shows that going into the mines with limited gear is dangerous and risky. Any storms that occurs can become lethal to the workers in the mines. Another video shows child labor and women at work. Their work looks to be less dangerous to the men's, but it can also be tiring. A graph shows that there is a high demand for lithium which is a key material from 2000 to 2025. These types of jobs gives high risk to the workers' health. It's sadly common with developing countries having workers doing dangerous jobs. 

Chapter 23, Maya Article and Cobalt Miners Article

 Chapter 23 of the textbook introduced three ways the Gini coefficient or inequality, could be measured in society. It demonstrates that the poorest people often have the least amount of financial quality and that wealth is held in the hands of the few. The hardship the economically poor face was shown through the other 2 articles; “The Cobalt Pipeline” and the “Maya Coffee Farmers.” A commonality both these people had was a want to educate their children. Due to fair trade and the cooperative, the Mayan coffee farmers had greater access to education with over 40% of families sending at least one child to secondary ed. However, the Cobalt Miners undermine their collective wealth by acting as artisan miners and working as separate groups rather than together. Due to this, they did not have access to education. As the Mayan article showed, Fair Trade does have disadvantages, such as debt created by the need for loans, but the guaranteed income benefits the producers in the long run. If Cobalt Miners could collaborate and join together as a producer market they could set a minimum price for Cobalt, as it is such a relied upon mineral at this time. The dysfunction and competition spurred by poverty in this area has done the producers a disservice. 


Tuesday, March 26, 2024

Blog 10

     Chapter 23 of the textbook delves into the sobering reality of inequality, using the Gini coefficient as a tool to measure the stark disparities in society. As I delved into the readings, particularly the articles "The Cobalt Pipeline" and "Maya Coffee Farmers," I was struck by the poignant portrayal of how financial quality often eludes the poorest individuals, leaving them marginalized and vulnerable. These narratives painted a vivid picture of communities grappling with economic hardship, yet clinging to the hope of securing education for their children as a beacon of opportunity amidst adversity.
    The story of the Maya coffee farmers resonated deeply with me, showcasing how fair trade practices and cooperative efforts can pave the way for a brighter future. Despite facing challenges such as mounting debt, the assurance of a stable income through fair trade ultimately empowers these farmers to provide education for their children, fostering a sense of hope and upward mobility.
    In contrast, the plight of the cobalt miners laid bare the harsh reality of operating in a fragmented and competitive environment. Reading about their struggles to access education due to the lack of collective action hit close to home, reminding me of the countless individuals worldwide who are trapped in cycles of poverty and exploitation. Yet, amidst the adversity, there is potential for change. If these miners were to unite and form a producer market, they could wield greater bargaining power, ensuring fair compensation for their labor and opening doors to education and opportunity for themselves and their families.
    Reflecting on these narratives, I am reminded of the profound impact that collective action and solidarity can have in uplifting marginalized communities. While the road ahead may be fraught with challenges, the stories of resilience and determination showcased in these articles serve as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of collaboration and advocacy in the fight against inequality.

Thursday, March 21, 2024

Blog 9

 


Globalization in its early emergence, was initially viewed as a positive, beneficial force that would interconnect cultures, goods, and peoples. Though many globalists see globalization as positive, in recent years there has been a resurgence against this transition, on both sides of the political spectrum. As stated in Chapter 76, there has been right-wing support for isolationist politics all over the globe, specifically in Hungry, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom’s response to the negative aspects of globalization was the exit from the European Union so that it would have greater sovereignty over its exported goods and immigration. Yet, as also stated in Chapter 76, these isolationist policies are a reflection of the need for security over culture and jobs that globalism threatens. This is seen also with the Zapatistas who occupy parts of southern Mexico in order to secure their corn farming communities from cheaper markets. Though these groups are extremely different on the political spectrum and in their responses to the negatives of globalization, they are driven by the same motives. People crave a stable livelihood and stability within their jobs and families. Globalization creates an environment where jobs can be relocated at any time to cheaper labor markets. It also exploits people of lower socioeconomic classes. These negative aspects have driven opposition from both the left and right sides of the political sphere. There is never bipartisanship in politics anymore, so this phenomenon truly shows that the system is broken.


Wednesday, March 20, 2024

Chapters 70, 76, 77 & Zapatista Article

 

The chapters and article this week show the push-and-pull of how people have reacted against globalization. That of a closing circle of nationalism or a more unique option. Subcommandante Marco writes on the "basement of Mexico", and how the Zapatistas refuse "To be accomplices in the unjust delivery of poverty and pain,"(pg 61). What a powerfull line! The Zapatistas and their stated goals of protecting the environment and gender equality blend well with counterhegemonic globalization. The Zapatistas have actually reached out to global organizations, and like Evans argues in chapter 70, used the corporate carapace that encapsulates the global economy to its advantage. By using the same framework, it is easy to have the local rise to global. 

On the other hand, there’s this sentiment of pervasive, pessimistic panic that has led others to “pull the ladder up after them”. As Misha argues in chapter 77, globalization has brought into public view visions of prosperity and massive disparities in ‘wealth, power, education, and status’. I can easily see how the points Mishra makes here feed into a rise in nationalism. This disparity has brought fear, and when people are afraid, they want to protect themselves and their community. When you have nowhere else to turn to but despotic leaders who “get it”, the pipeline from nationalist to extremist gets much easier. It’s important to recognize that no one is immune to propaganda. However, it is interesting to compare the Zapatistas and nationalists. While their issues stem from the same root, they have arrived at vastly different conclusions. I think it’s important to note that the Zapatistas have started out as a group “with nothing left to lose” while nationalists are the opposite, or at least might consider themselves that way – with everything to lose. I think that has helped shape how they’ve turned out.

Blog 9

     In its nascent stages, globalization emerged as a beacon of promise, heralding an era of interconnectedness among cultures, economies, and societies. Initially embraced as a positive and transformative force, globalization was touted for its potential to foster cross-cultural exchange, facilitate the flow of goods and ideas, and unite peoples across the globe. However, in recent years, a discernible shift has occurred, marked by a resurgence of skepticism and opposition toward this global transition, spanning political spectrums.

    Indeed, while proponents of globalization continue to extol its virtues, a growing chorus of dissent has emerged, particularly evident within the realms of right-wing politics. Across diverse geopolitical landscapes, from Hungary to the United States and the United Kingdom, there has been a palpable surge in support for isolationist policies, reflecting a desire to reassert national sovereignty and safeguard domestic interests. The United Kingdom's decision to exit the European Union stands as a poignant manifestation of this trend, as it sought to reclaim control over trade dynamics and immigration policies. However, as elucidated in Chapter 76, these isolationist tendencies are not confined to a single geographical or ideological enclave. Rather, they represent a broader sentiment rooted in the perceived threats posed by globalization to cultural integrity, job security, and economic stability.

    This sentiment finds resonance even among seemingly disparate groups, such as the Zapatistas in southern Mexico, who have taken a defiant stance against the encroachment of global markets on their traditional corn farming communities. Despite their ideological divergence, both right-wing isolationists and grassroots movements like the Zapatistas are united by a common imperative: the pursuit of stability and security in an increasingly uncertain world. Central to their grievances is the recognition of globalization's propensity to disrupt traditional livelihoods, relocate jobs to cheaper labor markets, and exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. Indeed, the allure of profit maximization often comes at the expense of marginalized communities, who bear the brunt of exploitative labor practices and market volatility.

In this light, the convergence of opposition from both ends of the political spectrum underscores a fundamental disillusionment with the status quo. The absence of bipartisan cooperation in addressing the challenges posed by globalization underscores a broader systemic dysfunction within contemporary politics, where ideological polarization supersedes the pursuit of common interests and collective welfare. In essence, the contemporary critique of globalization reflects a profound yearning for stability, security, and economic justice, a sentiment that transcends traditional political divides. As societies grapple with the complexities of a rapidly globalizing world, the imperative to reconcile competing interests and forge a more inclusive and equitable future has never been more pressing.

Chapters 70, 76, 77

 Chapter 70 talks about how labor became a global social movement. I understand on why that can happen. There have been many movements regarding on labor and workers. They're usually caused by poor working conditions and little pay the workers are receiving with high working hours. It's like the sweatshops of China that were discussed earlier, although there wasn't a social movement for that. Women have also been a part of movements, for instance the feminist movement. They were also considered to be human rights as well which makes sense. Environmentalism has played a role and that issues on health is a concern with toxic waste dumps being near nature. Chapter 76 discusses about on Nationalism is bigger than Globalism. The main factor about the two is that in chapter two, they have far different opinions on immigration. It's based on what the government tends to do with the immigrants. There is also the concern with Muslim immigration and there's the stereotype that all Muslims are terrorists, which is the problem. Chapter 77 talks about extreme chaos and violence around the world. The article mentions about the September 11 attacks, the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, the threat of climate change and people believe it's a hoax, financial troubles with the United States economy like the 2008 Recession, the crisis of euros, and the threat of ISIS. Long Journey is about Mexico and its economy. Back in the 90s, Mexico had to pay an almost 100 billion debt to money companies. 

Monday, March 18, 2024

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

 The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) stands as a beacon of hope in the global conservation movement, tirelessly working to protect the planet's biodiversity and ensure a sustainable future for all. Since its inception, WWF has remained committed to its mission, employing innovative strategies and collaborative efforts to address the pressing environmental challenges facing our world.

    Founded in 1961 by a group of passionate individuals, including biologist Sir Julian Huxley and naturalist Peter Scott, WWF emerged in response to the alarming decline of wildlife populations and habitats across the globe. Initially focused on species conservation, the organization quickly expanded its scope to address broader environmental issues, recognizing the interconnectedness of ecosystems and human well-being.

    At the heart of WWF's mission lies the preservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources. The organization strives to:

  • Conserve ecosystems and species diversity.
  • Ensure the sustainable management of natural resources.
  • Mitigate climate change and reduce carbon emissions.
  • Promote sustainable and equitable development.
  • Advocate for policies that prioritize environmental protection.

    WWF employs a multifaceted approach to achieve its objectives, leveraging scientific research, advocacy, community engagement, and partnerships with governments, businesses, and local communities. Some key strategies include:

  • Conservation Projects: WWF implements on-the-ground conservation initiatives aimed at protecting critical habitats, restoring ecosystems, and safeguarding endangered species.
  • Policy Advocacy: WWF advocates for the adoption of science-based policies and regulations to address environmental threats, such as habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources, and pollution.

  • Sustainable Practices: Through collaboration with businesses and industries, WWF promotes sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and energy production, aiming to reduce environmental impact while supporting livelihoods.

    WWF raises awareness about environmental issues through educational campaigns, media outreach, and public events, inspiring individuals to take action and make informed choices.

WWF has established a formidable global presence, operating in over 100 countries and territories around the world. Through a network of offices, field projects, and partnerships, WWF collaborates with local organizations and stakeholders to address regional conservation challenges while advancing global objectives. WWF's membership comprises millions of supporters, including individuals, corporations, foundations, and governments, who contribute financially and lend their voices to the cause. The organization's headquarters is located in Gland, Switzerland, with regional offices strategically positioned to oversee conservation efforts across different continents.

    Over the decades, WWF has made significant strides in advancing conservation goals, contributing to the protection of numerous species and habitats while influencing policies and practices on a global scale. However, the challenges facing the planet remain formidable, and WWF continues to adapt and innovate in its approach to address emerging threats and opportunities. WWF relies on a diverse funding model, including donations from individuals and corporations, grants from foundations and governments, and revenue from merchandise sales and partnerships. Transparency and accountability are paramount, with WWF adhering to strict financial standards and reporting mechanisms to ensure that donor contributions are effectively utilized for conservation purposes.

    As we navigate the complex environmental challenges of the 21st century, the World Wildlife Fund stands as a beacon of hope, inspiring collective action and driving positive change for the planet and its inhabitants. Through innovation, collaboration, and unwavering commitment, WWF continues to lead the charge toward a more sustainable and resilient future for all.

Doctors Without Borders

 

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), or Doctors Without Borders, was founded in 1971.  It’s country of origin is France. What sparked the creation of this group was war and famine in Nigeria. When it was first founded, it was made up of 300 volunteers, ranging from logistic experts, doctors, and other staff. They're not just doctors, but a wide array of medical professionals and non-medical professionals. They were awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1999. 

Their primary goal at the start was to establish an independent organization that focused on " delivering emergency medical humanitarian aid quickly, effectively, and impartially," according to their website. They have a few guiding principles, like being independent, impartial, and neutral. They are also guided by medical ethics, a desire to be transparent and accountable, as well as committed to bearing witness. Of course, they are also committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion.  

They accomplish these goals by going into areas in active crisis. These include: war and conflicts, natural disasters, outbreaks and epidemics, as well as refugees and internally displaced people. They deploy their network of aid workers as rapidly as possible to these areas. From setting up temporary facilities, to administering mass vaccinations, to improving water and sanitation services to help prevent the spread of disease, MSF carries out its goals in many ways. It all depends on the situation's unique needs. 

MSF has established its presence by going into areas of crisis “where many others can’t or won’t” go to administer aid, regardless of politics or sides. They have established aid workers in more than 70 countries for rapid response. Most members are already local to the country where the office is located. That said, they do have international staff that generally take on a more senior or managerial role depending on the needs of the location. This alleviates some concerns that come with coordinating across borders and legal requirements for practicing medical staff. By already having staff in countries at risk, this allows them to create a swift emergency response as well as monitor the situation. It is my understanding that they are doing this with exploratory missions, or at least are in the beginning of establishing their presence. While they’re there, they are also collecting information to better treat the crisis.  

MSF is actually made up of 26 associations around the world. These are their own independent legal entity registered in the country where they operate, like the U.S., Holland, Luxembourg, Norway, etc. These associates are linked to six operational centers that directly manage MSF humanitarian action in the field and decide the when/what/where of medical aid. All 26 MSF associates are held to the authority of an annual Internation General Assembly or IGA. This board is made up of representatives from the MSF groups and individual members.

Human Rights Watch

     My NGO is Human Rights Watch which started in 1978, with the creation of Helsinki Watch. The Helsinki Watch was designed to support the citizens in the communist states aligned with the Soviet Union. Back to the Human Rights Watch it became more effective in the 1990's which its main aims were to strengthen the rights of women, refugees, children, migrant workers. Which brings a human rights issue such as child soldiers, rape as a war crime, domestic violence, and trafficking. It has been shown in two big spots and those two are, in 1997 in was shared in the Nobel Peace Prize as founding member of the international campaign to ban landmines. Also, as we all know about 9/11, they checked and said they needed new forms of pressure on the terrorist's groups and their supporters on very close monitoring counterterrorism laws. Since all of this they have been expanding the things, they check on which is economic, social, and cultural rights. Those three are mainly for education and housing problems. But as of now they are trying to find new technologies that keep Human Rights Watch on the cutting edge of promoting respect for human rights worldwide. 

Anti-Slavery International

 The non-governmental organization Anti-Slavery International is a movement driven NGO, based in London, that focuses on eradicating slavery from the globe. It operates in more than 20 countries, specifically in areas such as Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. The NGO targets slavery in four areas, responsible business, child slavery, climate change, and migration and trafficking. The Anti-Slavery International targets these factors in multiple ways including legislation, legal protection, long term care, partnerships, bringing awareness, addressing norms, and tracking trafficking routes. To address slavery within businesses, the NGO has lobbied for a stronger UK Modern Slavery Act, they work with businesses who want to stop forced labor, and they track state-imposed forced labor. They have recently contributed to ending state-forced labor in the cotton industry in Uzbekistan. Child Slavery is being addressed through providing legal protection for trafficked children, regardless of gender or situation, including child brides. They focus on norms and structures that leave children vulnerable to slavery, such as child begging or traditional child slavery in the Sahel Belt of Africa. The NGO addresses climate change and migration similarly as they view climate change as a cause of forced migration. They argue that migration leaves individuals in an exploitive state, and that they are extremely vulnerable to trafficking at this time. The organization argues for safer migration routes that are more governmentally overseen, in order to reduce this vulnerable state. They also are pushing for a global effort to reduce climate change, in order to reduce the need for migration, and have partnered with environmental experts to achieve this goal. Overall, Anti-Slavery International seems to have a great effect in areas around the world. They have coordinated the creation and passing of legislation to protect the victims of slavery, as well as addressed direct issues that contribute to the problem. 


Sunday, March 17, 2024

Save The Children


Save The Children is an international NGO that operates in multiple countries with expansions. The organization was started after World War I in 1919 by Eglantyne Jebb, after she noticed that many children needed aid during the aftermath. There was then a massive struggle when the Great Depression hit and millions of children with basic needs needed aid. When World War II started in 1939, it led to more children with aid. At one point, in the UK, there were millions of orphans in Britain that needed support. Throughout time, there have been multiple expansions to other continents like Asia and the Middle East. In the United States in the Appalachian area, children were given shoes and clothes. There has been aid given through every major war. The Korean War has given children more aid in the affected areas. Soon enough, more diversity of children was being aided like Native American and Latina children. One of the significant openings of this organization is Tanzania. Like many NGOs, Save The Children has primary aims and goals that the community wants to reach. One of the primary aims is the organization must address the needs of the children. They want to save and improve the lives of the children and ensure that they can survive. Programs go chase for these primary aims, with emergency responses and advocacy. The organization has expanded across the world, setting up programs and enlarging the community. There are thirty national members and the main headquarters are in Fairfield, Connecticut, and London, UK according to the website. A couple of accomplishments that the organization aided over 13 million children and helped 124,000 children in 16 states of the United States. They have also provided medical care and child services. The organization gets its funding from donations and contracts. People who donate to the Save The Children organization, their money goes to program services, fundraising, and management. On their website, there’s a tab called “what we do.” On that tab it has two fundraisers that I didn’t know they had. One of them is the Ukraine Crisis. Ever since Russia made its invasion to Ukraine in February of 2022, there have been many Ukrainian children that needed aid from being forced from their homes by Russian attacks in their towns. The other fundraiser is the Climate Crisis. Children live in areas that are vulnerable to dangerous climate effects. Some dangers can be wildfires, floods, hurricanes, and air pollution. This can also cause health issues to the children who have a weak immune system.

Thursday, March 7, 2024

CH 64, 68 & Washington Post Article

 

The textbook’s chapters focus on non-governmental agencies and activism on environmental issues, while the Washington post article shines a light on what could be considered a worst-case scenario. Combined it shows some of the good, the bad, and the ugly. Chapter 64 focuses on Green Peace, and how it’s unique way of making statements started and has spread. By introducing the concept of “ecological sensibility”, of trying to bring the environment into the forefront of people’s minds, is a noble goal. However, I think there’s a missing spotlight on domestic activism. Without the people directly affected protesting, these global organizations would be a lot worse off. It can’t just be foreigners coming into someone’s ‘house’ and telling them what’s wrong; in chapter 68, Tokar mentions that the Bolivian ‘People’s conference on Climate Change...’ invites people from civil society, indigenous people, as well as many others. This can also be seen with the movie, “This Changes Everything”. Without the people caring about their land and actively protesting, there wouldn’t be a village left for them or their children in the future. These international organizations and summits are all well and good, but for optimal performance, it can’t just be these big organizations; there needs to be a grass roots effort as well. It’s good that these organizations have identified solid goals to push for, as well as false solutions to fight against. The Washington post article showcases what happens when you lack both – an international presence and a domestic one. Through no fault of the Chinese people, either. When some try to reach out, they’re either silenced or ignored. Going by the Washington post’s reception, it would be even harder for international organizations to get through like Green Peace or for the people to participate in any summits.

Wednesday, March 6, 2024

Chapter 64, Washington Post

 I scrolled through the Washington Post page and just by looking at the pictures, it's a bad story. China is known to have advanced technology, but they the major problem with pollution, specifically smog. We watched a documentary about environmental problems and climate change. There were places in China that has received more than 100 days of smog and bad air. One girl was interviewed and said she never seen the stars, blue skies, and even clouds. This article mentions about chemicals from factory operations that affects the citizens nearby with health problems and can affect the water supply. Mines are also in operations and those can create similar situations. Chapter 64 talks about how Greenpeace tries to persuade people to not do any more damage to the ecosystem. Efforts go with the Quakers and that have sensitive morals with political responsibilities. Media attention has also been captured for Greenpeace as well. According to the article, Greenpeace has two direct moves. The first one is documenting significant actions taking place. The second one is campaigning on depletion of the ozone layer.

Blog 8

     In the book Globalization Reader, the chapters and pages given to us they talk a lot about how before they were going through bad air pollution.  The reason behind why it was so bad they gave examples like electric heaters and natural gas furnaces which produce very bad air pollution. Now in Chapter 64 they talk about Greenpeace which they break the biggest air polluting factors into 4 and they look into them and ways to fix them almost completely. They gave an example about a way they fix these problems, and it was their nuclear campaign, they take time in reprocessing and dumping of any nuclear material. Fixing these nuclear problems saves not only us but sea creatures. Chapter 68 is dedicated to a lot of climate disasters which is affecting many families and people all around the world when a tsunami or any natural disaster hits a certain area it affects multiple people. Which like hurricanes creates a lot of pollution and they don't really focus on things that happen after the hurricane which ruins a lot of animals in the sea. Now in the article, In Your Phone, In Their Air the main thing that caught my eye was how they talked about lithium batteries which a big focus in the world. Lithium batteries power multiple things like our phones, laptops and also a new way to use them which is big part in this world is electric cars like Tesla's. Tesla's have been a big help in this world with polluting air just off of the fact they don't have to use gas. 

Tuesday, March 5, 2024

Blog 7

 A theme that was carried in all three readings was that spectacular or catastrophic environmental events need to take place in order to receive public attention. This is specifically laid out in Chapter 64, in which Greenpeace receives media attention when their protests are “visually spectacular.” This included sending a ship out that tailed a Russian whaling fleet or having activists climb a 180-ton water tower and placing a banner. These outrageous and exorbitant acts receive media attention, while smaller villages or people with fewer resources are ignored. Due to this, only certain environmental issues are being addressed by the public, even if Greenpeace addresses many issues. This theme of large-scale events receiving attention is carried in Chapter 68. A large section in Chapter 68 is dedicated to climate-related disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, droughts, etc. There are about 250 million people affected by these disasters every year. These numbers and the disasters themselves are quite large and spectacular and receive media attention. For example, when a hurricane takes place aid is often sent within the first few months, as the event is recent and destructive. However, the same large aid and attention is not sent to areas dealing with the effects of long-term pollution as seen in the Washington Post article. This article highlights the effects graphite factories have had on the surrounding villages. Air pollution, water contamination, and crop failure are just some of the issues in this area due to the factories. However, due to the lack of spectacularness of this issue, it is receiving little attention. Once more, the local governments are paid off by the factories to not address the issue. These people do not have the resources or means to cause spectacular events that would probe public interest.

Monday, March 4, 2024

NGO - Doctors Without Borders

 

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), or Doctors Without Borders, was founded in 1971.  It’s country of origin is France. What sparked the creation of this group was war and famine in Nigeria. When it was first founded, it was made up of 300 volunteers, ranging from logistic experts, doctors, and other staff. They're not just doctors, but a wide array of medical professionals and non-medical professionals. They were awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1999. 

Their primary goal at the start was to establish an independent organization that focused on " delivering emergency medical humanitarian aid quickly, effectively, and impartially," according to their website. They have a few guiding principles, like being independent, impartial, and neutral. They are also guided by medical ethics, a desire to be transparent and accountable, as well as committed to bearing witness. Of course, they are also committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion.  

They accomplish these goals by going into areas in active crisis. These include: war and conflicts, natural disasters, outbreaks and epidemics, as well as refugees and internally displaced people. They deploy their network of aid workers as rapidly as possible to these areas. From setting up temporary facilities, to administering mass vaccinations, to improving water and sanitation services to help prevent the spread of disease, MSF carries out its goals in many ways. It all depends on the situation's unique needs. 

MSF has established its presence by going into areas of crisis “where many others can’t or won’t” go to administer aid, regardless of politics or sides. They have established aid workers in more than 70 countries for rapid response. Most members are already local to the country where the office is located. That said, they do have international staff that generally take on a more senior or managerial role depending on the needs of the location. This alleviates some concerns that come with coordinating across borders and legal requirements for practicing medical staff. By already having staff in countries at risk, this allows them to create a swift emergency response as well as monitor the situation. It is my understanding that they are doing this with exploratory missions, or at least are in the beginning of establishing their presence. While they’re there, they are also collecting information to better treat the crisis.  

MSF is actually made up of 26 associations around the world. These are their own independent legal entity registered in the country where they operate, like the U.S., Holland, Luxembourg, Norway, etc. These associates are linked to six operational centers that directly manage MSF humanitarian action in the field and decide the when/what/where of medical aid. All 26 MSF associates are held to the authority of an annual Internation General Assembly or IGA. This board is made up of representatives from the MSF groups and individual members.

Friday, March 1, 2024

Blog 6

    The Belt and Road Initiative on the surface is a Chinese program aimed to build roads in underdeveloped areas to help urbanize and better connect it to the rest of the world. The BRI is not only a Chinese domestic policy but is rather an international one. The BRI helps build roads in Asia, Africa and South America. Under the surface China uses this program as almost a counter to the WTO and World Bank. China typically builds the infrastructure with Chinese labor and Chinese money which tends to anger the countries they are operating in. Because the BRI uses Chinese labor and money, China can use the BRI as a quasi loan to countries opening a door to seizure of land due to non-payment of the loan. This is the mechanic that rivals the WTO and World Bank as the restriction that come with the BRI are equal to those of the WTO and World Bank. The BRI is the Chinese version of the WTO and World Bank and takes power away from the West and America as an appetizing alternative. The BRI up a point where globalization has gone too far. If a country cannot use its own workforce to help accomplish the BRI goal, then it can be assumed that China is not trying to help economical development but rather a coup to expand its territory through economics. 

Chapters 28, 30 + NYT Article

 

I enjoyed Strange's strong opinion on whether or not the state has lost power. I can only really speak about the U.S., which I do agree has declined in power. I think a big point to bring up is our wishy-washy government. I’m not sure when this article was written, but it may have been before the 2010s. The U.S. has had a relatively stable, you-know-what-you're-getting, type of government. Even with the change-over of presidents. But ever since then, our reliability started to see-saw. One example would be with the Kurds - we were allied with them, then we betrayed them, then we begged to get back in their good graces, and then betrayed them for a final, disastrous time during the Trump presidency. They're a small-scale people, but they were valuable allies in the middle east. What message does that send to the allies who don't have the power of a G20 country or the advantages the Kurds brought? 

Strange also argues that the “exceptionalism of the Asian state....has been substantially eroded, and will continue to be so,” (paragraph 5, right before “The Neglected Factor – Technology"). I disagree with the author here, and the NY times article I think supports this. China doesn’t have the military presence outside of its own country like the U.S. does, but their reach extends just as far if not farther. As Mauk puts it, China’s “debt-trap diplomacy” has large consequences for the countries in this position, like a backdoor readily built. And the strings attached here have less hoops to jump through than the three sisters, policy-wise. After all, money talks! If they didn’t have such abysmal social policies and weren’t committing an active genocide against the Uighur, they would be a much more attractive partner too. Rodrik's point about not neglecting the needs of the people and striking a balance between openness and domestic needs particularly applies to China here. If Strange is right about the diminishment of the Asian state, that’s where it can be seen in China. I think she’s right in a lot of ways for the U.S., but the concepts she talks about do not apply evenly. What it really comes down to is control. Who controls the technology, who controls the finance, and what power do they have to actually enact change.

Blog 6

 The article titled, “Can China Take the Middle of Nowhere and turn it into the Center of World Economy investigated China’s Belt and Road initiative and how it is affecting global economics and politics. The Belt and Road Initiative, or BRI, is a Chinese investment program that builds infrastructure in underdeveloped areas. The program was first promoted as a good and beneficial thing. However, there have been some issues with the BRI in recent years. China invests both the money and labor into its infrastructure projects in other countries. Basically, China uses a Chinese workforce to complete the project, rather than utilizing a native workforce in the country of choice. This has angered numerous countries as they feel that potential jobs have been lost. Additionally, the BRI investment is a loan that China could call in when it sees fit. If a country is unable to pay the loan back, China has often taken land or rights away from a country. For example, China recently constructed a Chinese owned and operated space base in Argentina. Thus, the BRI has become an equivalent of the World Bank or WTO as it is highly regulatory with the money offered and forces change if the money cannot be repaid. This relates to the premise in Chapter 28 of the textbook in which the author claims that economic activity is closely related to politics. The BRI is promoted as an economic alternative to the WTO or the World Bank, but acts as an undermining force to Western and American control, thus affecting politics. Additionally, in Chapter 30 the author discusses that globalism may have gone too far if foreign workers can be substituted for home workers in another country. This can be seen in the BRI program as China uses its own workforce to construct these infrastructure programs in other countries. 


Thursday, February 29, 2024

Chapters 28, 30

 Chapter 28 talks about paradoxes that government is a part of. The first one is that people decline state power. It's unsafe when people are left alone for work. The second paradox is that the governments are established in North America and Europe. The final paradox is Asian states have achieved economic growth, industrialized, infrastructure, and living standards. Countries of Korea, Taiwan, and Japan have strong governments. Technology has made modern life go through change from economics and politics. It also changes of power in states and the market. There are three premises that the author argues. The first premise is that there is common activity with politics. The second is power can overcome the market systems. The third premise is that the authority in society can be influenced by agents  and can be acknowledge freely. 

Chapter 30 questions if the system of globalization has gone too far. The author focuses on three sources that are essential. The first one is that there should be some restrictions in terms of trade especially across international borders. Workers can be substituted for each other across borders as well. The second is that the system of globalization can cause conflicts between nations. With the growth of technology, shipments can be different in size causing possible outrage. The last source is that globalization can be difficult for governments. There needs to be effort to maintain and stabilize the social cohesion and political support. 

Article on "Can China Turn the Middle of Nowhere into the Center of World Economy?"

     Reading the article, I can see China has come a long way in that case of armory and letting people in and out. The guy they talked about Nunar which was a person who tried to escape by going through the border to Kazakhstan in 1962. Which brings us to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI is a huge part of China's growing this whole operation was a huge spending from them it was $200 billion at the start but then moved to around the world which then it roses up to an estimated cost $8 trillion. But what is the BRI? Start first with the Belt side of it, it was a part of their big trading routes connecting Asia and Europe to be built largely with China's expertise. The Road part of it is a little different you might think that it trades over the road, but it was a new sea trade opportunity which connected China, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe. Which shows a longer route but is a safer route in this case which avoids the Malacca Strait, incorporating fuel, ports, bridges, etc. Now it sounds like the BRI was very important to China because they didn't really release an official map of the Belt and Road routes nor any list of the projects. 

Monday, February 26, 2024

Travels of a T-Shirt Part II

     So, they start off this third part called the Trouble at the Border talking about a huge amount of imported goods into the US affects the economy negatively by leaving manufacturers out of business because of all the cheap goods produced in China. Also, how the tariffs were revised to allow influx of goods from China because local companies could not meet the demand for some goods. They talked about they allowed the flow of goods for example from like places like US to Africa. Now in the fourth and last part of the book called My T-shirt Finally Encounters a Free Market they talk about how many of their T-shirts have been donated to people in poor countries through something called NGO's and other philanthropic agencies. They argued that these T-shirts should be for free instead of paying money for it but that would affect cash flow from those countries arguing for free shirts. So, to stop these arguments the clothes were sold to small-scale traders in countries like Africa who then turn to sell to these so-called poor countries. In this book it's not a lot about her arguing more of her like telling a story about this T-shirt. There are some weaknesses in this book like she focuses more on the economics of making the T-shirts instead of it focusing on the highlighting the impacts of such a process on human subjects. 

Wednesday, February 21, 2024

T-Shirts Part II

 Part II talks about cotton being introduced to China. Like in a previous blog, the chapters mention the growing of factories and the harsh conditions with the workers. China also is a textile industry. It became the largest exporter in the 1990s. China is known to have cheap labor, and the U.S uses them for product production such as Nike. Sweatshops were on the rise as well, operating with the same tough conditions. The textile industry runs through families. Workers live at work and stay at dormitories that are 8 by 12 feet. There are floaters that 25 more hours than the average worker, but earn less by 40%. These workers are part of China's Bracero. They don't know what to expect when they first join the workforce and hope for the best. The Nike Corporation was part of a controversial workforce in China in the 1990s. The workers were mostly underaged and forced to work overtime. In 1999, there was an anti sweatshop movement that took place in universities. They demanded companies to be less harsh with the factory conditions. Overall, child labor is still going around in China. No matter how many movements and protests form, the country will still operate with harsh conditions. 

Tuesday, February 20, 2024

Travels of a T-Shirt Part 1

 

The Travels of a T-Shirt book really goes into depth on the cotton, especially this first part. It seems like American cotton had a TON of advantages, straight from the beginning. While originally the cotton species they used wasn't as advantageous, the amount they could produce was. In chapter one they bring up all the ways cotton growers are successful, while acknowledging slavery. I am not as sold on this part of the book, particularly their reasoning that, " In the United States, the farms work, the market works, the government works, the science works, and the universities work; and all of these elements work together in a type of virtuous circle that is decades away for the poorest countries in the world." I think it would perhaps be better phrased that the systems in the U.S. have been built up to support cotton as an industry since the countries conception. These systems create a cycle that allows the cotton industry to flourish. At least, that's my understanding of the text so far. Plus, it feels like the implication is that the author's excuse is these poor countries just aren't as good as the U.S. Now, I very well could be reading too much into this, and I welcome any counterpoints. But that wording rubs me the wrong way, although I can't yet articulate why. I feel like it should be phrased more like the U.S. has had every advantage, however I also don't know what other countries have or have not tried to do with their cotton industries, which makes it impossible to judge fairly. Either way, what really sparked this was when the text mentions the 2002 Farm Bill, which "Even by the normally generous standards of U.S. farm policy, the 2002 Farm Bill went over the top for cotton." I just find it ironic that only a few years before trade negotiations were suspended, here's prime reason #1 that the poorer countries were fed up with the U.S. and other hypocritical trade policies.

Travels of a T-shirt Part 1

 Part one of Travels of a T-Shirt explores the rise and history of the cotton industry. Lubbock, Texas, which is the largest cotton producer in the US, has dominated the cotton industry due to its concentration of knowledge, technology, and talent in the industry. Lubbock is often considered the Silicon Valley of agriculture due to its dominance on the world stage. It's dominance can also be seen in pop culture with the popular Cotton Bowl in Dallas being named from Lubbock's industry dominance. Part two of the book shifts from the production of cotton to the manufacturing of goods from cotton. China is very much dependent on American cotton to make manufactured goods while the same can be said for raw cotton in America in relation to China. China has become the dominant producer of textiles in the world. To support the industry chinese factories typically employ women who are married with starving children. These women are "docile" as described in the book whihc is good for productivity.

Monday, February 19, 2024

Travels of a T-Shirt P1

 In chapters 1 and 2 of "Travels of a T-Shirt," the author Pietra Rivoli explores the global journey of a simple cotton t-shirt, tracing its origins from raw material to finished product. Rivoli visits cotton fields in Lubbock, Texas and various factories in China to illustrate the complex and interconnected nature of the global economy. Lubbock, TX has been doing well due to the high concentration of resources regarding cotton agriculture and other related fields. The chapters also delve into the history of cotton production and the impact of globalization on the textile industry. It was explained how the United States, which has a thriving cotton industry, is mainly reliant on China’s textiles which has put the United States in a tricky situation regarding resourcing and manufacturing. Through the story of the t-shirt, the author provides insights into the economic, social, and environmental implications of global trade.

Travels of a T-Shirt Part 1

 Part one of the Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy explains the rise and history of cotton production. It focuses on Lubbock, Texas which today, is one of the major cotton producers in the world. The text explains that Lubbock thrives in the global economy because of a concentration of knowledge, technology, and talent focused on cotton agriculture in the area, and because of this it is known as the “Silicon Valley of agriculture.” Right next to Lubbock is Texas Tech University which is focused on agriculture and helps further develop techniques and technology for more efficiently producing cotton. Due to this orientation the cotton industry in Lubbock is very much asset-oriented. The second part of the readings talk about how China fits into the cotton industry and interacts with American produced cotton. The United States’ cotton exports rely on China’s textile production for its market. China has become dominant in the textile industry. To support this industry the book explains that married women with hungry children are targeted as workers as they are desperate for work. This is honestly an exploitation of poor people that goes unregulated. Women are also preferred for their “docility.” This phenomena is explained in Chapter 7 in which the ideal factory worker is described. When control is necessary to be productive, there is something wrong. Human rights are not being respected in this industry, and people are exploited to produce a t-shirt, as explained in these chapters.

First Half of The Travels of a T-Shirt

 Chapters 1 and 2 discusses the effects of the cotton industry and how it dominated for two hundred years. Cotton is one of the main ingredients to clothing. There was the history with slavery and the cotton farms. Cheap cotton created high demand and Great Britain wanted a part of the deal. The Industrial Revolution made production more efficient and faster with the use of technology and conveyor belts. By the time the Civil War broke out in the 1860s, cotton production reached an all time high. Competition was common with China and India. Those countries made benefits with increasing their productivity and improving the quality. The states of Oklahoma and Texas have possessions of cotton production and that hundreds of thousands of acres were owned. Plantation has changed over time with technology advancing and GM is taking part with fertilizers and pesticides. When it comes to everyday products, such as snacks, there's harmful oil from seeds that are harvested. Consumers don't pay attention to the ingredient labels and only  care about the taste. Part II of the book talks about China's labor force and the dangerous conditions. This was mentioned before in a previous blog. Cotton was introduced to China from the United States. There cotton mills that were in operation with twelve hours a day from the workers. Sweatshops are common throughout the country and they operate with the same unhealthy conditions. I recently got a hat that's intended for the American sports industry and it's made with 100% cotton and came from China so it fits right in.